Riesgo y rediseño de las cadenas globales de suministro: una propuesta teórica para una realidad actual

Juan José Zaballa
Resumen

A mi padre, también Técnico.


El moderno protagonismo de las cadenas globales de suministro (CGS) en el ámbito de los flujos internacionales de comercio y de inversión directa exige un planteamiento teórico específico. Así, el modelo aquí propuesto plantea que las CGS vienen determinadas, en su estructura y complejidad, a su vez, definidas por su longitud y grado de internacionalización, por el conjunto de riesgos que las afectan, de manera que variaciones el nivel de dicho conjunto de riesgos da lugar a cambios en la mencionada estructura de las CGS. En el modelo planteado, el resultado final del proceso de ajuste de las CGS ante variaciones del riesgo dependerá de las decisiones del conjunto de las empresas que participan en ella, en función de las dos variables básicas de toda toma de decisión empresarial, como son el riesgo y la rentabilidad.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Palabras clave:
cadenas globales de suministro, internacionalización, riesgos, integración vertical, off-shoring, re-shoring, flujos comerciales, flujos de inversión directa extranjera
Citas

Antràs, P. (2020). Conceptual Aspects of Global Value Chains (Policy Research Working Paper No. 9114). World Bank Group. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/antras/files/conceptualaspectsgvcsfinal.pdf

Arriola, C., Guilloux-Nefussi, S., Koh, S.-H., Kowalski, P., Rusticelli, E., & van Tongeren, F. (2020). Efficiency and Risks in Global Value Chains in the Context of COVID-19 (Economics Department Working Papers No. 1637). OCDE, Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/efficiency-and-risks-in-global-value-chains-in-the-context-of-covid-19_3e4b7ecf-en

Bacchetta, M., Bekkers, E., Piermartini, R., Rubinova, S., Stolzenburg, V., & Ankai, X. (2021). Covid-19 and Global Value Chains: A Discussion of Arguments on Value Chain Organization and the Role of the WTO (Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-3). World Trade Organization.

Baldwin, R., & Lopez-Gonzalez, J. (2013). Supply-chain Trade: A Portrait of Global Patterns and Several Testable Hypotheses (NBER Working Paper No. 18957). National Bureau of Economic Research.

https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w18957/w18957.pdf

Bals, L., Kirchoff, J. F., & Foerstl, K. (2016). Exploring the reshoring and insourcing decision making process: Toward an agenda for future research. Operations Management Research, 9(3-4), 102-116.

Blackhurst, J., Craighead, C. W., Elkins, D., & Handfield, R. B. (2005). An empirically derived agenda of critical research issues for managing supply-chain disruptions. International Journal of Production Research, 43(19), 4067-4081.

Borga, M.ª., Ibarlucea, P., & Sztajerowska, M. (2020). Drivers of divestment decisions of multinational enterprises – A cross-country firm-level perspective (OECD Working Papers on International Investment No. 2019/03). OECD Publishing. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/drivers-of-divestment-decisions-of-multinational-enterprises-a-cross-country-firm-level-perspective_5a376df4-en#page1

Cagliano, A. C., De Marco, A., Grimaldi, S., & Rafele, C. (2012). An integrated approach to supply chain risk analysis. Journal of Risk Research, 15(7), 817-840.

Dollar, D. (2020). The future of global supply chains: What are the implications for international trade? Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-future-of-global-supply-chains-what-are-the-implications-for-international-trade/

Escaith, H. (2011). Global Supply Chains and the Great Trade Collapse: Guilty or Casualty? Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields, 1(1), 27-41. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1802466

European Commission. (2020). Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers. Smit, L., Bright, C., McCorquodale, R., Bauer, M., Deringer, H., Baez-Breinbauer, D., Torres-Cortés, F., Alleweldt, F., Kara, S., Salinier, C., & Tejero Tobed, H. Study on due diligence requirements through the supply chain: final report. Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2838/39830

Frigant, V. (2020). L’industrie 4.0, vers une dé-globalisation des chaînes de valeur? Effets attendus de la robotique industrielle avancée et de la fabrication additive sur le système de coordination. Revue d'économie industrielle, 169, 127-160.

Grossman, G. M., & Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2006). The Rise of Offshoring: It's Not Wine for Cloth Anymore. The New Economic Geography: Effects and Policy Implications. Jackson Hole Conference Volume, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. https://www.princeton.edu/~erossi/RO.pdf

Grossman, G. M., & Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2008). Trading tasks: A simple theory of offshoring. American Economic Review, 98(5), 1978-1997.

Guénette, J.-D., Kenworthy, P. G., & Wheeler, C. M. (2022). Implications of the War in Ukraine for the Global Economy. Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Policy Note 3. Grupo Banco Mundial.

Gurtu, A., & Johny, J. (2021). Supply Chain Risk Management: Literature Review. Risks, 9(16). https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/9/1/16

Hawley, F. B. (1900). Enterprise and Profit. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 15(1), 75-105.

Johansson, M., Olhager, J., Heikkilä, J., & Stentoft, J. (2019). Offshoring versus backshoring: Empirically derived bundles of relocation drivers, and their relationship with benefits. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 25(3), 100509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2018.07.003

Johnson, J. E., & Haug, P. (2021). Modifications to global supply chain management strategies resulting from recent trade disruptions: an exploratory study. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 14(4), 701-722.

Kern, D., Moser, R., Hartmann, E., & Moder, M. (2012). Supply risk management: model development and empirical analysis. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 42(1), 60-82.

Kleindorfer, P. R., & Van Wassenhove, L. (2004). Risk management for global supply chains: An overview. In H. Gatignon, & J. Kimberly (Eds.), The Alliance on Globalizing. Cambridge University Press.

Krugman, P. (1988). La nueva teoría del comercio internacional y los países menos desarrollados. El Trimestre Económico, 55(1), 41-66.

McIvor, R., & Bals, L. (2021). A multi-theory framework for understanding the reshoring decision. International Business Review, 30(6), 101827.

Moradlou, H., Reefke, H., Skipworth, H., & Roscoe, S. (2021). Geopolitical disruptions and the manufacturing location decision in multinational company supply chains: a Delphi study on Brexit. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 41(2), 102-130.

Prakash, S., Soni, G., & Rathore, A. P. S. (2017). A critical analysis of supply chain risk management content: a structured literature review. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 14(1), 69-90.

Rao, S., & Goldsby, T. J. (2009). Supply chain risks: a review and typology. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 20(1), 97-123.

Saurav, A., Kusek, P., Kuo, R., & Viney, B. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Foreign Investors: Evidence from the Quarterly Global MNE Pulse Survey for the Third Quarter of 2020. World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34924

Solingen, E. (Ed.). (2021). Geopolitics, Supply Chains, and International Relations in East Asia. Cambridge University Press.

Tang, O., & Musa, S. N. (2011). Identifying risk issues and research advancements in supply chain risk management. International Journal of Production Economics, 133(1), 25-34.

Tate, W., & Bals, L. (2017). Outsourcing/Offshoring Insights: Going Beyond Reshoring to Rightshoring. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 47(2/3), 106-113.

The FT Editorial Board. (2020). Companies should shift from ’just in time’ to ’just in case’. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/606d1460-83c6-11ea-b555-37a289098206

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2020). World Investment Report 2020 - International Production Beyond the Pandemic. UNTAD. https://unctad.org/webflyer/world-investment-report-2020

Van den Bossche, P., Levering, B., Castaño, Y., & Blaesser, B. (2020). Trade war spurs reversal in 2019 Reshoring Index, foreshadowing COVID-19 test of supply chain resilience. Kearney. https://www.kearney.com/operations-performance-transformation/article/?/a/trade-war-spurs-sharp-reversal-in-2019-reshoring-index-foreshadowing-covid-19-test-of-supply-chain-resilience-full-report

Zaballa, J. J. (2021). Riesgo y rediseño de las cadenas globales de suministro: efectos sobre el comercio y la inversión internacional. Información Comercial Española, Revista de Economía, 922, 109-127. https://doi.org/10.32796/ice.2021.922.7288

Zamfir, I. (2020). Towards a mandatory EU system of due diligence for supply chains. European Parliamentary Research Service. Members' Research Service PE 659.299.