La sociedad digital es más desigual
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La digitalización y la inteligencia artificial (IA), en particular, están transformando de forma permanente y profunda la sociedad. En general pensamos que es para bien, pero también es notorio que está amplificando desigualdades existentes y creando otras nuevas, y esto ocurre ante la indiferencia o inacción generalizada. Se aborda el tema desde una visión global del mundo hasta el impacto en las personas, y poniendo en evidencia que las desigualdades se proyectan en todo lo que es importante para los individuos y la sociedad en su conjunto. Nos interesa el análisis, pero no queremos quedarnos ahí, por lo que se acaba apuntando algunos posibles remedios que merecen una oportunidad.
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Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2022). Tasks, automation, and the rise in US wage inequality. Econometrica, 90(5), 1973-2016.
Barro, S. (2017). Automatización inteligente. Integración & Comercio, 42, 290-303. (Ejemplar dedicado a: Robotlucion: el futuro del trabajo en la integración 4.0 de América Latina).
Barro, S., & Davenport, T. H. (2019). People and Machines: Partners in Innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 60(4), 22-28.
Barro, S. y Rouhiainen, L. (2020). Innovación y tecnologías inteligentes. Monografía del Foro Económico de Galicia. https://api.foroeconomicodegalicia.es/uploads/FEG/originals/b85559c4-758b-4df1-968b-24f1f974e11e.pdf
Benítez-Rueda, M., & Parrado, E. (2024). Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Which Jobs Will AI Replace After All? A New Index of Occupational Exposure (BID Working Paper No. 1624). Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013125
Bourguignon, F. (2022). Digitalization and Inequality. In Z. Qureshi & C. Woo (Eds.), Shifting Paradigms: Growth, Finance, Jobs, and Inequality in the Digital Economy (pp. 177-216). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers / Brookings Institution Press.
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Fernández, J., Melle, M., Rodríguez-Piñero, I., García, I., Barro, S., Bahamonde, A., Nieto-Martín, J., Gago, A., Gandullo, J., Gayo, D., Botella, A., Calatrava, A., Marí-Klose, P., Ruiz, D., Sanahuja, J. A., Virella, A., Jalloul, H. y Escudero, M. (2024, mayo). Europa frente al espejo: su papel en el mundo. Laboratorio de Ideas Avanza. Editorial Pablo Iglesias.
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2013). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation? Oxford Martin Programme on Technology and Employment, University of Oxford. https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf
ITU. (2023). Measuring Digital Development – Facts and Figures 2023. International Telecommunication Union.
Klinova, K. (2024, August 27). What will AI mean for economic inequality? MIT Technology Review.
Krishnan, M., Mischke, J., & Remes, J. (2018, June 4). Is the Solow Paradox back? McKinsey Quarterly.
Lohr, S. (2018, February 2). Facial Recognition Is Accurate, if You’re a White Guy. The New York Times.
Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Brynjolfsson, E., Etchemendy, J., Ligett, K., Lyons, T., Manyika, J., Ngo, H., Niebles, J. C., Parli, V., Shoham, Y., Wald, R., Clark, J., & Perrault, R. (2023, April). The AI Index 2023 Annual Report. AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HAI_AI-Index-Report_2023.pdf
McKinsey & Company. (1 de agosto de 2023). El estado de la IA en 2023: El año clave de la IA generativa. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/destacados/el-estado-de-la-ia-en-2023-el-ano-clave-de-la-ia-generativa/es?utm_source=chatgpt.com#/
McKinsey Global Institute. (2022). Securing the Future of Work: The Role of AI & Automation.
Muro, M., & Jacobs, J. (2023, October 2). New data shows that without intervention, generative AI jobs will continue to cluster in the same big tech hubs. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/new-data-shows-that-without-intervention-generative-ai-jobs-will-continue-to-cluster-in-the-same-big-tech-hubs/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Schaefer, E., Wijpkema, J. y Sellschop, R. (4 de octubre de 2024). Cómo romper las barreras operativas para alcanzar la máxima productividad. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/destacados/como-romper-las-barreras-operativas-para-alcanzar-la-maxima-productividad/es
Schellekens, P., & Skilling, D. (2024, October 17). Three Reasons Why AI May Widen Global Inequality. Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/three-reasons-why-ai-may-widen-global-inequality
Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI). (2023). AI Index Report 2023. Stanford University. https://aiindex.stanford.edu/ai-index-report-2023
UNESCO. (2023). Generative AI in Education and Research. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura.
UNICEF., & ITU. (2020, December). How Many Children and Youth Have Internet Access at Home? United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund & International Telecommunication Union.
WEF. (2023). The Future of Jobs Report 2023. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023
West, M. (2023). An ed-tech tragedy? Educational technologies and school closures in the time of COVID-19. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386701
WID. (2023). What’s new about wealth inequality in the world? World Inequality Database. https://wid.world/news-article/whats-new-about-wealth-inequality-in-the-world/?utm_source=chatgpt.com